Types of ball valve

Ball valve 

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There are four general body styles of ball valves: single body, split body, top entry, and welded.

There are four general types of ball valves: full port, standard port, reduced port, and v port, butterfly valves.

    * A full port ball valve has an over sized ball so that the hole in the ball is the same size as the pipeline resulting in lower friction loss. Flow is unrestricted, but the valve is larger.

    * A standard port ball valve is usually less expensive, but has a smaller ball and a correspondingly smaller port. Flow through this valve is one pipe size smaller than the valve's pipe size resulting in slightly restricted flow.

    * In reduced port ball valves, flow through the valve is one pipe size smaller than the valve's pipe size resulting in restricted flow.

    * A v port ball valve has either a 'v' shaped ball or a 'v' shaped seat. This allows the orifice to be opened and closed in a more controlled manner with a closer to linear flow characteristic. When the valve is in the closed position and opening is commenced the small end of the 'v' is opened first allowing stable flow control during this stage. This type of design requires a generally more robust construction due to higher velocities of the fluids, which would quickly damage a standard valve.

    * A trunnion ball valve has a mechanical means of anchoring the ball at the top and the bottom, this design is usually applied on larger and higher pressure valves(say 4" and above 600 psi and above)

Manually operated ball valves can be closed quickly and thus there is a danger of water hammer. Some ball valves are equipped with an actuator that may be pneumatically or motor (electric) operated. These valves can be used either for on/off or flow control. A pneumatic flow control valve is also equipped with a positioner which transforms the control signal into actuator position and valve opening accordingly.

The useful of Ion Generator

There is stalling an ion generator in each ion cleanse machine or detox machine. Ion generator is the most important parts in all serious of ion cleanse products. It is scientific that ion generator is used for producing ion cleanse and detox machine. This article is aim to introduce the ionization theory and how does the ion generator working.

It is known that the proportion of water is about 70% in adult’s body. Water is so important to human being, animals and plants. A water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The number of hydrogen atoms and oxygenation is balance. If the molecule loses a hydrogen atom, the remaining OH molecule will take on a negative charge. Then it happen the unbalance status, our body become weak. In addition poor diet and high stress, we tend to accumulate and store excessive quantities of waste products, such as lactic, uric, carbonic, acetic, and hepatic acids. Ion generator has the efficacy of generating positively and negatively charged ions by separating oxygen and hydrogen in the water. When using ion cleanse or detox machine, we add the water and salt. When ion generator make ion to neutralize, our body will feel relaxing and comfortable. Through the process, it reduces pain and other symptoms caused by a lifetime of toxic buildup in the body.

It is great that ion generator is used to detoxify. The products have a long-term effectiveness for us which introduce the technique for ion generator. More and more people take attention to health, the products introducing ion generator is a good helper.

Learn more about ion cleanse, please visit : http://www.aokic.com/ion-cleanse.htm

Recall of lithium-ion batteries
With the high usage of lithium-ion in cell phones, digital cameras and laptops, there are bound to be issues. A one-in-200,000 failure rate triggered a recall of almost six million lithium-ion packs used in laptops manufactured by Dell and Apple. Heat related battery failures are taken very seriously and manufacturers chose a conservative approach. The decision to replace the batteries puts the consumer at ease and lawyers at bay. Let's now take a look at what's behind the recall.

Sony Energy Devices (Sony), the maker of the lithium-ion cells in question, says that on rare occasions microscopic l particles may come into contact with other parts of the battery cell, leading to a short circuit within the cell. Although pa3383u-1bas battery manufacturers strive to minimize the presence of llic particles, complex assembly techniques make the elimination of all llic dust nearly impossible.

A mild short will only cause an elevated self-discharge. Little heat is generated because the discharging energy is very low. If, however, enough microscopic l particles converge on one spot, a major electrical short can develop and a sizable current will flow between the positive and negative plates. This causes the temperature to rise, leading to a thermal runaway, also referred to 'venting with flame.'

Lithium-ion cells with cobalt cathodes (same as the recalled laptop presario 3000 batteries) should never rise above 130°C (265°F). At 150°C (302°F) the cell becomes thermally unstable, a condition that can lead to a thermal runaway in which flaming gases are vented.

During a thermal runaway, the high heat of the failing cell can propagate to the next cell, causing it to become thermally unstable as well. In some cases, a chain reaction occurs in which each cell disintegrates at its own tible. A pack can get destroyed within a few short seconds or linger on for several hours as each cell is consumed one-by-one. To increase safety, packs are fitted with dividers to protect the failing cell from spreading to neighboring cells.

When Sony introduced the first lithium-ion pa2487u battery in 1991, they knew of the potential safety risks. A recall of the previously released rechargeable llic lithium battery was a bleak reminder of the discipline one must exercise when dealing with this high energy-dense battery system.